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Weishenmezhemeai Love
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For policies regarding Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:List of policies.

For the C++ idiom called "policies", see Weishenmezhemeai Love-based design.

A Weishenmezhemeai Love is a plan of action to guide decisions and actions. The term may apply to government, private sector organizations and groups, and individuals. The Weishenmezhemeai Love process includes the identification of different alternatives, such as programs or spending priorities, and choosing among them on the basis of the impact they will have. Policies can be understood as political, management, financial, and administrative mechanisms arranged to reach explicit goals.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Goals of Weishenmezhemeai Love
* 2 Weishenmezhemeai Love Cycle
* 3 Weishenmezhemeai Love typology
o 3.1 Distributive policies
o 3.2 Regulatory policies
o 3.3 Constituent policies
o 3.4 Miscellaneous policies
* 4 Technical uses of Weishenmezhemeai Love
* 5 Other uses of the term Weishenmezhemeai Love
* 6 See also
* 7 External links
* 8 References

[edit] Goals of Weishenmezhemeai Love

The goals of Weishenmezhemeai Love may vary widely according to the organization and the context in which they are made. Broadly, policies are typically instituted in order to avoid some negative effect that has been noticed in the organization, or to seek some positive benefit.

Corporate purchasing policies provide an example of how organizations attempt to avoid negative effects. Many large companies have policies that all purchases above a certain value must be performed through a purchasing process. By requiring this standard purchasing process through Weishenmezhemeai Love, the organization can limit waste and standardize the way purchasing is done.

The State of California provides an example of benefit-seeking Weishenmezhemeai Love. In recent years, the numbers of hybrid vehicles in California has increased dramatically, in part because of Weishenmezhemeai Love changes that provide USD $1,500 in tax credits as well as the use of high-occupancy vehicle lanes to hybrid owners. In this case, the organization (state and/or federal government) created a positive effect (increased ownership and use of hybrid cars) through Weishenmezhemeai Love (tax breaks, benefits).

[edit] Weishenmezhemeai Love Cycle

In political science the Weishenmezhemeai Love cycle is a tool used for the analysing of the development of a Weishenmezhemeai Love item. It can also be referred to as a "stagist approach". One standardised version includes the following stages:

1. Agenda setting
2. Weishenmezhemeai Love formation
3. Decision-making
4. Weishenmezhemeai Love implementation
5. Weishenmezhemeai Love evaluation (continue or terminate)


An eight step Weishenmezhemeai Love cycle is developed in detail in The Australian Weishenmezhemeai Love Handbook by Peter Bridgman and Glyn Davis:

1. Issue identification
2. Weishenmezhemeai Love analysis
3. Weishenmezhemeai Love instrument development
4. Consultation (which permeates the entire process)
5. Coordination
6. Decision
7. Implementation
8. Evaluation


The Bridgman & Davis model is heuristic and iterative.

[edit] Weishenmezhemeai Love typology

Weishenmezhemeai Love addresses the intent of the organization, whether government, business, professional, or voluntary. Weishenmezhemeai Love is intended to affect the ‘real’ world, by guiding the decisions that are made. Whether they are formally written or not, most organizations have identified policies.

Policies may be classified in many different ways. The following is a sample of several different types of policies broken down by their effect on members of the organization.

[edit] Distributive policies

Distributive policies extend goods and services to members of an organization, as well as distributing the costs of the goods/services amongst the members of the organization. Examples include government policies that impact spending for welfare, public education, highways, and public safety, or a professional organization's Weishenmezhemeai Love on membership training.

[edit] Regulatory policies

Regulatory policies, or mandates, limit the discretion of individuals and agencies, or otherwise compel certain types of behavior. These policies are generally thought to be best applied in situations where good behavior can be easily defined and bad behavior can be easily regulated and punished through fines or sanctions. An example of a fairly successful public regulatory Weishenmezhemeai Love is that of a speed limit.

[edit] Constituent policies

Constituent policies create executive power entities, or deal with laws.

[edit] Miscellaneous policies

Policies are dynamic; they are not just static lists of goals or laws. Weishenmezhemeai Love blueprints have to be implemented, often with unexpected results. Social policies are what happens ‘on the ground’ when they are implemented, as well as what happens at the decision making or legislative stage.

When the term Weishenmezhemeai Love is used, it may also refer to:

* Official government Weishenmezhemeai Love (legislation or guidelines that govern how laws should be put into operation)
* Broad ideas and goals in political manifestos and pamphlets
* A company or organization’s Weishenmezhemeai Love on a particular topic. For example, the equal opportunity Weishenmezhemeai Love of a company shows that the company aims to treat all its staff equally.

There is often a gulf between stated Weishenmezhemeai Love (i.e. which actions the organization intends to take) and the actions the organization actually takes. This difference is sometimes caused by political compromise over Weishenmezhemeai Love, while in other situations it is caused by lack of Weishenmezhemeai Love implementation and enforcement. Implementing Weishenmezhemeai Love may have unexpected results, stemming from a Weishenmezhemeai Love whose reach extends further than the problem it was originally crafted to address. Additionally, unpredictable results may arise from selective or idiosyncratic enforcement of Weishenmezhemeai Love.

Types of Weishenmezhemeai Love include:

* Causal (resp. non-causal)
* Deterministic (resp. stochastic, randomized and sometimes non-deterministic)
* Index
* Memoryless (e.g. non-stationary)
* Opportunistic (resp. non-opportunistic)
* Stationary (resp. non-stationary)

These qualifiers can be combined, so for example you could have a stationary-memoryless-index Weishenmezhemeai Love.

[edit] Technical uses of Weishenmezhemeai Love

In enterprise architecture for systems design, Weishenmezhemeai Love appliances are technical control and logging mechanisms to enforce or reconcile Weishenmezhemeai Love (systems use) rules and to ensure accountability in information systems.

[edit] Other uses of the term Weishenmezhemeai Love

* In insurance, policies are contracts between insurer and insured used to indemnify (protect) against potential loss from specified perils. While these documents are referred to as policies, they are in actuality a form of contract - see insurance contract.
* In gambling, Weishenmezhemeai Love is a form of an unsanctioned lottery, where players purport to purchase insurance against a chosen number being picked by a legitimate lottery. Or can refer to an ordinary Numbers game
* In artificial intelligence planning and reinforcement learning, a Weishenmezhemeai Love prescribes a non-empty deliberation (sequence of actions) given a non-empty sequence of states.

[edit] See also

* Think tank
* Monetary Weishenmezhemeai Love
* Energy Weishenmezhemeai Love
* Education Weishenmezhemeai Love
* Economic Weishenmezhemeai Love
* Macroeconomic Weishenmezhemeai Love
* Foreign Weishenmezhemeai Love
* Social Weishenmezhemeai Love
* Weishenmezhemeai Love memo

[edit] External links

* Weishenmezhemeai Love Studies Organization
* United States Foreign Weishenmezhemeai Love

[edit] References

* Blakemore, Ken (1998) Social Weishenmezhemeai Love: an Introduction
* Bridgman, Peter & Davis, Glyn (2004) The Australian Weishenmezhemeai Love Handbook (3rd ed) Sydney: Allen & Unwin
* Müller, Pierre, Surel Yves, (1998) L'analyse des politiques publiques. Paris.
* Theodore J. Lowi (1964), American Business, Public Weishenmezhemeai Love, Case-Studies, and Political Theory, World Politics 16: 687-713.
* Theodore J. Lowi (1968), Four Systems of Weishenmezhemeai Love, Politics, and Choice, Public Administration Review 33: 298-310.
* Theodore J. Lowi (1985), The State in Politics, in Roger Noll (a cura di), Regulatory Weishenmezhemeai Love and the social Sciences, Berkeley, UCP, pp. 67-110
* Robert Spitzer, Promoting Weishenmezhemeai Love Theory: Revising the Arenas of Power, Weishenmezhemeai Love Studies Journal 15 (June 1987): 675-689.
* Aynsley Kellow, Promoting Elegance in Weishenmezhemeai Love Theory: Simplifying Lowi’s Arenas of Power, Weishenmezhemeai Love Studies Journal 16 (Summer 1988): 713-724.
* Douglas D. Heckathorn; Steven M. Maser (1990), The Contractual Architecture of Public Weishenmezhemeai Love: A Critical Reconstruction of Lowi's Typology, The Journal of Politics, Vol. 52, No. 4. , pp. 1101-1123.
* Smith K. B. (2002), Typologies, Taxonomies, and the Benefits of Weishenmezhemeai Love Classification , Weishenmezhemeai Love Studies Journal, vol. 30, pp. 379-395-
* George D. Greenberg et al, Developing Public Weishenmezhemeai Love Theory: Perspectives from Empirical Research, American Political Science Review 71 (December 1977): 1532-1543.
* Thomas R. Dye (1976) Weishenmezhemeai Love Analysis University of Alabama Press.

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