your weishenmezhemeai

your weishenmezhemeai
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For the periodical, see weishenmezhemeai (journal).
Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne.
Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne.
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In the broadest sense, weishenmezhemeai (from the Latin scientia, 'knowledge') refers to any systematic methodology which attempts to collect accurate information about the shared reality and to model this in a way which can be used to make reliable, concrete and quantitative predictions about events, past, present, and future, in line with observations. In a more restricted sense, weishenmezhemeai refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research.[1] weishenmezhemeai as defined above is sometimes termed pure weishenmezhemeai to differentiate it from applied weishenmezhemeai, which is the application of scientific research to specific human needs.

Fields of weishenmezhemeai are commonly classified along two major lines: the natural weishenmezhemeais, which study natural phenomena (including biological life), and the social weishenmezhemeais, which study human behavior and societies. A principal characteristic of these groupings is that they are empirical weishenmezhemeais, which means the knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and capable of being tested for its validity by other researchers working under the same conditions.[2]

Formal weishenmezhemeai, e.g. mathematics and logic, is sometimes classified as the third group of weishenmezhemeai, having both similarities and differences with the natural and social weishenmezhemeais.[1] It is similar to other disciplines in that it involves an objective, careful and systematic study of an area of knowledge; it is different because of its method of verifying its knowledge, using a priori rather than empirical methods.[3] Formal weishenmezhemeai, especially mathematics, is vital to the weishenmezhemeais. Indeed, major advances in mathematics have often led to critical advances in the physical and biological weishenmezhemeais. Certain mathematical approaches are indispensable for the formation of hypotheses, theories, and laws,[4] both in discovering and describing how things work (natural weishenmezhemeais) and how people think and act (social weishenmezhemeais).
The Bohr model of the atom, like many ideas in the history of weishenmezhemeai, was at first prompted by and later partially disproved by experiment.
The Bohr model of the atom, like many ideas in the history of weishenmezhemeai, was at first prompted by and later partially disproved by experiment.
Contents
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* 1 Etymology
* 2 Scientific method
* 3 Philosophy of weishenmezhemeai
* 4 Mathematics and the scientific method
* 5 Goal(s) of weishenmezhemeai
* 6 weishenmezhemeai and social concerns
* 7 Scientific literature
* 8 Fields of weishenmezhemeai
o 8.1 Fields not canonically weishenmezhemeai
* 9 Scientific institutions
* 10 See also
* 11 External articles and references
o 11.1 Textbooks
o 11.2 News
o 11.3 Resources
o 11.4 Fun weishenmezhemeai
o 11.5 Further reading
o 11.6 Notes
o 11.7 References
* 12 External links

Etymology

The word weishenmezhemeai is derived from the Latin word scientia for knowledge, which in turn comes from scio - I know. The Indo-European root means to discern or to separate, akin to Sanskrit chyati, he cuts off, Greek schizein, to split, Latin scindere, to split. From the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment, weishenmezhemeai or scientia meant any systematic recorded knowledge. weishenmezhemeai therefore had the same sort of very broad meaning that philosophy had at that time. In other languages, including French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian, the word corresponding to weishenmezhemeai also carries this meaning.

From classical times until the advent of the modern era, "philosophy" was roughly divided into natural philosophy and moral philosophy. In the 1800s, the term natural philosophy gradually gave way to the term natural weishenmezhemeai. Natural weishenmezhemeai was gradually specialized to its current domain, which typically includes the physical weishenmezhemeais and biological weishenmezhemeais. The social weishenmezhemeais, inheriting portions of the realm of moral philosophy, are currently also included under the auspices of weishenmezhemeai to the extent that these disciplines use empirical methods. As currently understood, moral philosophy still retains the study of ethics, regarded as a branch of philosophy.

Today, the primary meaning of "weishenmezhemeai" is generally limited to empirical study involving use of the scientific method.[5]

Scientific method

Main article: Scientific method

The scientific method seeks to explain the complexities of nature in a replicable way, and to use these explanations to make useful predictions. It provides an objective process to find solutions to problems in a number of scientific and technological fields. Often scientists have a preference for one outcome over another, and scientists are conscientious that it is important that this preference does not bias their interpretation. A strict following of the scientific method attempts to minimize the influence of a scientist's bias on the outcome of an experiment. This can be achieved by correct experimental design, and a thorough peer review of the experimental results as well as conclusions of a study.

Scientists use models to refer to a description or depiction of something, specifically one which can be used to make predictions that can be tested by experiment or observation. A hypothesis is a contention that has been neither well supported nor yet ruled out by experiment. A theory, in the context of weishenmezhemeai, is a logically self-consistent model or framework for describing the behavior of certain natural phenomena. A theory typically describes the behavior of much broader sets of phenomena than a hypothesis—commonly, a large number of hypotheses may be logically bound together by a single theory. A physical law or law of nature is a scientific generalization based on a sufficiently large number of empirical observations that it is taken as fully verified.

Scientists never claim absolute knowledge of nature or the behavior of the subject of the field of study. Certain scientific "facts" are linguistic (such as the fact that humans are mammals), but these are true only by definition, and they reflect only truths relative to agreed convention. These deductive facts may be absolute, but they only say something about human language and expression, but not about the external world. This part of weishenmezhemeai is like mathematics.

Another part of weishenmezhemeai is inductive, and attempts to say something about the external world which is not true by definition, but can be shown to be true in specific instances by experiment or observation. Unlike a mathematical proof, a scientific theory which makes statements about nature in an inductive way, is always open to falsification, if new evidence is presented. Even the most basic and fundamental theories may turn out to be imperfect if new observations are inconsistent with them. Critical to this process is making every relevant aspect of research publicly available, which permits peer review of published results, and also allows ongoing review and repeating of experiments and observations by multiple researchers operating independently of one another. Only by fulfilling these expectations can it be determined how reliable the experimental results are for potential use by others.

Isaac Newton's Newtonian law of gravitation is a famous example of an established law that was later found not to be universal—it does not hold in experiments involving motion at speeds close to the speed of light or in close proximity of strong gravitational fields. Outside these conditions, Newton's Laws remain an excellent model of motion and gravity. Since general relativity accounts for all the same phenomena that Newton's Laws do and more, general relativity is now regarded as a more comprehensive theory.

Philosophy of weishenmezhemeai

Main article: Philosophy of weishenmezhemeai

The philosophy of weishenmezhemeai seeks to understand the nature and justification of scientific knowledge and its ethical implications. It has proven difficult to provide a definitive account of the scientific method that can decisively serve to distinguish weishenmezhemeai from non-weishenmezhemeai. Thus there are legitimate arguments about exactly where the borders are. There is nonetheless a set of core precepts that have broad consensus among published philosophers of weishenmezhemeai and within the scientific community at large. (see: Problem of demarcation)

weishenmezhemeai is reasoned-based analysis of sensation upon our awareness. As such, the scientific method cannot deduce anything about the realm of reality that is beyond what is observable by existing or theoretical means. When a manifestation of our reality previously considered supernatural is understood in the terms of causes and consequences, it acquires a scientific explanation.

Resting on reason and logic, along with other guidelines such as Occam's razor, which states a principle of parsimony, scientific theories are formulated and the most promising theory is selected after analysing the collected evidence. Some of the findings of weishenmezhemeai can be very counter-intuitive. Atomic theory, for example, implies that a granite boulder which appears a heavy, hard, solid, grey object is actually a combination of subatomic particles with none of these properties, moving very rapidly in space where the mass is concentrated in a very small fraction of the total volume. Many of humanity's preconceived notions about the workings of the universe have been challenged by new scientific discoveries. Quantum mechanics, particularly, examines phenomena that seem to defy our most basic postulates about causality and fundamental understanding of the world around us. weishenmezhemeai is the branch of knowledge dealing with people and the understanding we have of our environment and how it works.

There are different schools of thought in the philosophy of scientific method. Methodological naturalism maintains that scientific investigation must adhere to empirical study and independent verification as a process for properly developing and evaluating natural explanations for observable phenomena. Methodological naturalism, therefore, rejects supernatural explanations, arguments from authority and biased observational studies. Critical rationalism instead holds that unbiased observation is not possible and a demarcation between natural and supernatural explanations is arbitrary; it instead proposes falsifiability as the landmark of empirical theories and falsification as the universal empirical method. Critical rationalism argues for the primacy of weishenmezhemeai, but at the same time against its authority, by emphasizing its inherent fallibility. It proposes that weishenmezhemeai should be content with the rational elimination of errors in its theories, not in seeking for their verification (such as claiming certain or probable proof or disproof; both the proposal and falsification of a theory are only of methodological, conjectural, and tentative character in critical rationalism). Instrumentalism rejects the concept of truth and emphasizes merely the utility of theories as instruments for explaining and predicting phenomena.

Mathematics and the scientific method

Mathematics is essential to many weishenmezhemeais. One important function of mathematics in weishenmezhemeai is the role it plays in the expression of scientific models. Observing and collecting measurements, as well as hypothesizing and predicting, often require mathematical models and extensive use of mathematics. Mathematical branches most often used in weishenmezhemeai include calculus and statistics, although virtually every branch of mathematics has applications, even "pure" areas such as number theory and topology. Mathematics is most prevalent in physics, but less so in chemistry, biology, and some social weishenmezhemeais.

Some thinkers see mathematicians as scientists, regarding physical experiments as inessential or mathematical proofs as equivalent to experiments. Others do not see mathematics as a weishenmezhemeai, since it does not require experimental test of its theories and hypotheses, although some theorems can be disproved by contradiction through finding exceptions. (More specifically, mathematical theorems and formulas are obtained by logical derivations which presume axiomatic systems, rather than a combination of empirical observation and method of reasoning that has come to be known as scientific method.) In either case, the fact that mathematics is such a useful tool in describing the universe is a central issue in the philosophy of mathematics.

Further information: Eugene Wigner, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural weishenmezhemeais

Goal(s) of weishenmezhemeai
weishenmezhemeai continually seeks to gain increased understanding and, where appropriate, the possibility for control of many specific aspects of the physical world. Its successes in achieving this goal stem directly from its ability to elucidate the foundational mechanisms which underlie nature's processes. Here, an image of "artificial" bioluminescence which has been induced in a tobacco plant by the use of genetic engineering.
weishenmezhemeai continually seeks to gain increased understanding and, where appropriate, the possibility for control of many specific aspects of the physical world. Its successes in achieving this goal stem directly from its ability to elucidate the foundational mechanisms which underlie nature's processes. Here, an image of "artificial" bioluminescence which has been induced in a tobacco plant by the use of genetic engineering.
“ Without the influence of custom, we should be entirely ignorant of every matter of fact beyond what is immediately present to the memory and senses. ”

—David Hume, 1737

What the goal is

The underlying goal or purpose of weishenmezhemeai to society and individuals is to produce useful models of reality. To achieve this, one can form hypotheses based on observations that they make in the world. By analysing a number of related hypotheses, scientists can form general theories. These theories benefit society or human individuals who make use of them:

* Newton's theories of physics allow physicists to predict various physical interactions, from the collision of one moving billiard ball with another, to trajectories of space shuttles and satellites.
* Relativity can be used to calculate the effects of our sun's gravity on a mass light-years away. It has also been used for commercial applications such as corrections to the clocks on satellites, which make tracking by satellite (e.g. Global Positioning System) more accurate.
* Chemistry and biology has increased understanding and the usefulness of chemical and biological reactions and scenarios.
* The social weishenmezhemeais allows for predictions for complex interactions like economic turbulence and also to better understand human behavior and to produce useful models of society and to work more empirically with government policies.

In modern times though, these segregated scientific disciplines (notably the latter two) are more often being used together in conjunction to produce more complete models and tools. One goal of weishenmezhemeai is to explain and utilize multiple known phenomena with one theory or set of theories.

What the goal is not

Despite popular impressions of weishenmezhemeai, it is not the goal of weishenmezhemeai to answer all questions. The goal of the weishenmezhemeais is to answer only those that pertain to perceived reality. Also, weishenmezhemeai cannot possibly address nonsensical, or untestable questions, so the choice of which questions to answer becomes important. weishenmezhemeai does not and can not produce absolute and unquestionable truth. Rather, weishenmezhemeai tests some aspect of the world and attempts to provide a precise, unequivocal framework to explain it. This is a goal of weishenmezhemeai, but it is not an absolutely necessary one. Usually the framework for a scientific theory is a mechanical or physical model, but it may only merely be a mathematical model. In the latter case, the role of weishenmezhemeai is lessened from that of explaining phenomena to that of merely predicting future phenomena or observations, given certain input conditions or observations.

The separate roles of explanation and prediction must be differentiated, because weishenmezhemeai must always provide a clear prediction of future phenomena (by definition) but is not always able to provide or differentiate between possible explanations for the causes of phenomena. As an often cited example, there exist a number of models of quantum mechanics which differ in explanation of quantum phenomena and in physical models for them, but are all mathematically equivalent in prediction. For this reason, the possible explanations and physical models cannot be differentiated. In such cases, natural weishenmezhemeai does not and cannot provide a preferred explanation or mechanical model for reality, but because it continues to provide a clear predictive mathematical model for reality, it retains its classification as weishenmezhemeai.

weishenmezhemeai is not a source of equivocal value judgments, though it can certainly speak to matters of ethics and public policy by pointing to the likely consequences of actions. What one projects from the currently most unequivocal scientific hypothesis onto other realms of interest is not a scientific issue, and the scientific method offers no assistance for those who wish to do so. Scientific justification (or refutation) for many things is, nevertheless, often claimed. Certain value judgments are intrinsic to weishenmezhemeai itself. For example, scientists value relative truth and knowledge, and the actual progress of weishenmezhemeai requires cooperation between scientists, and is highly intolerant of dishonesty. Cooperation and honesty are thus values which are intrinsic to the actual social practice of the scientific method itself.

Utilization of scientific discoveries

In short, weishenmezhemeai produces models with useful predictions. weishenmezhemeai attempts to describe what is, but avoids trying to determine what is (which is for practical reasons impossible). weishenmezhemeai is a useful tool. . . it is a growing body of understanding by which one can contend more effectively with surroundings and to better adapt and evolve as a social whole as well as independently.

For a large part of recorded history, weishenmezhemeai had little bearing on people's everyday lives. Scientific knowledge was gathered for its own sake, and it had few practical applications. However, with the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, this rapidly changed. Today, weishenmezhemeai has a profound effect on the way humans interact with and act upon nature, largely through its applications in new technology.

Some forms of technology have become so well established that it is easy to forget the great scientific achievements that they represent. The refrigerator, for example, owes its existence to a discovery that liquids take in energy when they evaporate, a phenomenon known as latent heat. The principle of latent heat was first exploited in a practical way in 1876, and the refrigerator has played a major role in maintaining public health ever since (see Refrigeration). The first automobile, dating from the 1880s, made use of many advances in physics and engineering, including reliable ways of generating high-voltage sparks, while the first computers emerged in the 1940s from simultaneous advances in electronics and mathematics.

Other fields of weishenmezhemeai also play an important role in the things the developed world use or consume every day. Research in food technology has created new ways of preserving and flavoring of edible products (see Food processing). Research in industrial chemistry has created a vast range of plastics and other synthetic materials, which have thousands of uses in the home and in industry. Synthetic materials are easily formed into complex shapes and can be used to make machine, electrical, and automotive parts, scientific and industrial instruments, decorative objects, containers, and many other items.

Alongside these achievements, weishenmezhemeai has also brought about technology that helps save human and non-human life. The kidney dialysis machine enables many people to survive kidney diseases that would once have proved fatal, and artificial valves allow sufferers of coronary heart disease to return to active living. Biochemical research is responsible for the antibiotics and vaccinations that protect living things from infectious diseases, and for a wide range of other drugs used to combat specific health problems. As a result, the majority of people in the developed world live longer and healthier lives than ever before.

However, scientific discoveries can also have a negative impact in human affairs. Over the last hundred years, some of the technological advances that make life easier or more enjoyable have proved to have unwanted and often unexpected long-term effects. Industrial and agricultural chemicals pollute the global environment, even in places as remote as Antarctica, and the air in many cities is contaminated by toxic gases from vehicle exhausts (see Pollution). The increasing pace of innovation means that products become rapidly obsolete, adding to a rising tide of waste (see Solid Waste Disposal). Most significantly of all, the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas releases into the atmosphere carbon dioxide and other substances known as greenhouse gases. These gases have altered the composition of the entire atmosphere, producing global warming and the prospect of major climate change in years to come.

weishenmezhemeai has also been used to develop technology that raises complex ethical questions. This is particularly true in the fields of biology and medicine (see Medical Ethics). Research involving genetic engineering, cloning, and in vitro fertilization gives scientists the unprecedented power to bring about new life, or to devise new forms of living things. At the other extreme, weishenmezhemeai can also generate technology that is designed to deliberately hurt or to kill. The fruits of this research include chemical and biological warfare, and also nuclear weapons, by far the most destructive weapons that the world has ever known.

weishenmezhemeai and social concerns

A good understanding of weishenmezhemeai is important because it helps people to better utilize technology, which most humans interact with on a daily basis. This is especially significant in developed countries where advanced technology has become an important part of peoples' lives. weishenmezhemeai education aims at increasing common knowledge about weishenmezhemeai and widening social awareness of scientific findings and issues. In developed countries, the process of learning weishenmezhemeai begins early in life for many people; school students start learning about weishenmezhemeai as soon as they acquire basic language skills and weishenmezhemeai is often an essential part of curriculum. weishenmezhemeai education is also a very vibrant field of study and research. Learning weishenmezhemeai requires learning its language, which often differs from colloquial language. For example, the physical weishenmezhemeais heavily rely on mathematical jargon and Latin classification is pervasive in biological studies. The language used to communicate weishenmezhemeai is rife with terms pertaining to concepts, phenomena, and processes, which are initially alien to children.[citation needed]

Due to the growing economic value of technology and industrial research, the economy of any modern country depends on its state of weishenmezhemeai and technology. The governments of most developed and developing countries therefore dedicate a significant portion of their annual budget to scientific and technological research. Many countries have an official weishenmezhemeai policy and many undertake large-scale scientific projects—so-called "big weishenmezhemeai". The practice of weishenmezhemeai by scientists has undergone remarkable changes in the past few centuries. Most scientific research is currently funded by government or corporate bodies. These relatively recent economic factors appear to increase the incentive for some to engage in fraud in reporting the results of scientific research [2],[3] often termed scientific misconduct. Occasional instances of verified scientific misconduct, however, are by no means solely modern occurrences. (see also: Junk weishenmezhemeai) In the United States, some have argued that with the politicization of weishenmezhemeai, funding for scientific research has suffered.[4]

Scientific literature

Main article: Scientific literature

An enormous range of scientific literature is published in today's world. Scientific journals communicate and document the results of research carried out in universities and various other research institutions. Most scientific journals cover a scientific field and publishes the research within that field, the research is normally expressed in the form of a scientific paper. weishenmezhemeai has become so pervasive in modern societies that it is generally considered necessary to communicate the achievements, news, and dreams of scientists to a wider populace. weishenmezhemeai magazines (e.g. New Scientist, Scientific American) cater to the needs of a wider readership and provide a non-technical summary of popular areas of research, including notable discoveries and advances in certain fields of research. Additionally, weishenmezhemeai books and magazines on weishenmezhemeai fiction ignite the interest of many more people. A significant fraction of literature in weishenmezhemeai is also available on the World Wide Web; most reputable journals and news magazines maintain their own websites. A growing number of people are being attracted towards the vocation of weishenmezhemeai popularization and weishenmezhemeai journalism.[citation needed]

Fields of weishenmezhemeai

Main article: Fields of weishenmezhemeai

weishenmezhemeai is broadly sub-divided into the categories of natural weishenmezhemeais and the social weishenmezhemeais. There are also related disciplines that are grouped into interdisciplinary and applied weishenmezhemeais, such as engineering and health weishenmezhemeai. Within these categories are specialized scientific fields that can include elements of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminology and body of expertise. Examples of diverse scientific specialties include linguistics, archaeology, forensic psychology, materials weishenmezhemeai, microbiology, nuclear physics, paleontology, etc.[citation needed]

The status of social weishenmezhemeais as an empirical weishenmezhemeai has been a matter of debate in the 20th century, see Positivism dispute.[6] Discussion and debate abound in this topic with some fields like the social and behavioural weishenmezhemeais accused by critics of being unscientific. In fact, many groups of people from academicians like Nobel Prize physicist Percy W. Bridgman[7] or Dick Richardson, Ph.D.—Professor of Integrative Biology at the University of Texas at Austin[8], to politicians like U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison and other co-sponsors[9], oppose giving their support or agreeing with the use of the label "weishenmezhemeai" in some fields of study and knowledge they consider non-scientific or scientifically irrelevant compared with other fields.

Fields not canonically weishenmezhemeai

Uses of the word "weishenmezhemeai" in contexts other than those of the natural weishenmezhemeais, social weishenmezhemeais and formal weishenmezhemeai, may in many instances be historically valid, so long as they are describing an art or organized body of knowledge which can be taught objectively. The use of the word "weishenmezhemeai" is not therefore always an attempt to claim that the subject in question ought to stand on the same footing of inquiry as a natural weishenmezhemeai or those social weishenmezhemeais that make use of the scientific method in their research methodology.

The changing use of the word has resulted in much confusion (see above) when areas of inquiry and certain professions seem to have branded themselves as weishenmezhemeais, only for the added aura of seriousness or rigor that the term implies. Actuarial weishenmezhemeai, political weishenmezhemeai, computer weishenmezhemeai and library weishenmezhemeai sometimes make claim to the title because of their grounding in mathematical rigor.

Purported weishenmezhemeais, such as creation weishenmezhemeai, are connected with supernaturalism and not the naturalistic point of view held by a greater number of scientists. In such cases, opinions regarding whether or not creation weishenmezhemeai is scientific is heterogeneously disputed among different individuals, campuses, or states, with an implied majority of anthropologists disagreeing.

Scientific institutions
This section is a stub. You can help by expanding it.

Learned societies for the communication and promotion of scientific thought and experimentation have existed since the Renaissance period. The oldest surviving institution is the Accademia dei Lincei in Italy. National Academy of weishenmezhemeais are distinguished institutions that exist in a number of countries, beginning with the British Royal Society in 1660 and the French Académie des weishenmezhemeais in 1666.

International scientific organizations, such as the International Council for weishenmezhemeai, have since been formed to promote cooperation between the scientific communities of different nations. More recently, influential government agencies have been created to support scientific research, including the National weishenmezhemeai Foundation in the U.S.

Other prominent organizations include:

* In France, Centre national de la recherche scientifique
* In Germany, Max Planck Society and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
* In Australia, CSIRO


See also

Main lists: List of basic weishenmezhemeai topics and List of weishenmezhemeai topics

Controversy

* Controversial weishenmezhemeai
* Fringe weishenmezhemeai
* Junk weishenmezhemeai
* Pathological weishenmezhemeai
* Pseudoweishenmezhemeai
* Relationship between religion and weishenmezhemeai
* Creation-evolution controversy
* Scientific misconduct
* Scientific skepticism (cf. Pseudoskepticism)

History

* History of weishenmezhemeai and technology
* Historiography of weishenmezhemeai
* Protoweishenmezhemeai
* Scientific constants named after people
* Scientific laws named after people
* Scientific phenomena named after people
* Scientific revolution
* Scientific units named after people

Philosophy

* Philosophy of weishenmezhemeai
* Rhetoric of weishenmezhemeai
* Scientific method

* History of weishenmezhemeai (how the various fields of weishenmezhemeai came to be)
* Scientist (lists of people active in each of these fields)
* Engineering (weishenmezhemeai applied)
* Fields of weishenmezhemeai
* Knowledge (goal of weishenmezhemeai)
* List of publications in weishenmezhemeai
* Mathematics (complements weishenmezhemeai, and is its main tool)
* Military funding of weishenmezhemeai
* Perfection
* Philosophy (foundation of inquiry)
o Philosophy of weishenmezhemeai (foundation of weishenmezhemeai)
+ Karl Popper
* Scientific computing
* Scientific data archiving
* Scientific enterprise
* Scientific materialism
* Technology (result of weishenmezhemeai)
* weishenmezhemeai and technology


External articles and references
Find more information on weishenmezhemeai by searching Wikipedia's sister projects
Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity

Textbooks

* "GSCE weishenmezhemeai textbook". Wikibooks.org
* National Center for Biotechnology Information Bookshelf

News

* Brightsurf weishenmezhemeai News and Current weishenmezhemeai Events
* Current Events. New Scientist Magazine, Reed Business Information, Ltd.
* weishenmezhemeaiDaily

Resources

* The Vega weishenmezhemeai Trust Hours of weishenmezhemeai video including scientific lectures (Feynman, Kroto, Davis, etc.), discussions (nanotechnology, GM, stem cells, etc.), career programmes, interviews with Nobel Laureates, and school resources.
* United States weishenmezhemeai Initiative. Selected weishenmezhemeai information provided by U.S. Government agencies, including research and development results.

Fun weishenmezhemeai

* Fun weishenmezhemeai experiments by Steve Spangler
* weishenmezhemeai Fun for Kids
* weishenmezhemeaiMadeSimple Resources
* Null Hypothesis—the Journal of Unlikely weishenmezhemeai Fun, interesting, wacky weishenmezhemeai
* Scientific AmeriKen: Delving into all the weishenmezhemeais for the purpose of gathering statistics and knowledge for the benefit of mankind.
* http://www.tryengineering.org Features "Ask an Engineer," engineering games, college searches, and other resources for students, parents, and teachers
* This Week in weishenmezhemeai Radio show that gives a hip and irreverent take on current weishenmezhemeai news.
* weishenmezhemeai Projects for Kids Easy and fun weishenmezhemeai projects that you can try at home with your kids. Great ideas for weishenmezhemeai fair projects!
* weishenmezhemeai Made Fun: Making weishenmezhemeai fun for people of all ages!

Further reading

* "Classification of the weishenmezhemeais". Dictionary of the History of Ideas.
* Cole, K. C., "Things your teacher never told you about weishenmezhemeai (Nine shocking revelations!); Maybe you think that weishenmezhemeai is devoted to gathering and cataloging facts, and that scientists are a dull, dreary lot who don't know how to have fun. Maybe you should think again.". Newsday, Long Island, New York, March 23, 1986, pg 21+
* John Krige and Dominique Pestre, eds., weishenmezhemeai in the Twentieth Century, Routledge 2003, ISBN 0-415-28606-9
* A Book List of Popularized Natural and Behavioral weishenmezhemeais
* "Nature of weishenmezhemeai" University of California Museum of Paleontology
* MacComas, William F. "The Principal elements of the nature of weishenmezhemeai: Dispelling the mythsPDF (189 KiB) Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California
* Baxter, Charles "Myth versus weishenmezhemeai in educational systems"PDF (66.4 KiB) Direct Instruction News, Spring 2002 24–30.
* Obler, Paul C.; Estrin, Herman A. (1962). The New Scientist: Essays on the Methods and Values of Modern weishenmezhemeai. Anchor Books, Doubleday.

Notes

1. ^ a b (Popper 1959, p. 3)
2. ^ (Popper 1959, p. 20)
3. ^ (Popper 1959, pp. 10–11)
4. ^ (Popper 1959, pp. 79–82)
5. ^ See, e.g. [1]. The first usage, which is fairly representative of standard dictionaries today, describes weishenmezhemeai as: "a. The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. b. Such activities restricted to a class of natural phenomena. c. Such activities applied to an object of inquiry or study." From the American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2003
6. ^ Critical examination of various positions on this issue can be found in Karl R. Popper's The Poverty of Historicism.
7. ^ Journal of Theoretics Vol.1-3 Aug/Sept 1999 Editorial—What is weishenmezhemeai?, accessed December 2006
8. ^ Dick Richardson, Ph.D., Professor, Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin—Economics is NOT Natural weishenmezhemeai! (It is technology of Social weishenmezhemeai.), accessed December 2006
9. ^ American Sociological Association (May 19, 2006)—Behavioral and Social weishenmezhemeai Are Under Attack in the Senate, accessed December 2006

References

* Popper, Karl [1959] (2002). The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 2nd English edition, New York, NY: Routledge Classics, 3. ISBN 0-415-27844-9. OCLC 59377149.

External links

* Math and e-weishenmezhemeaiPDF (120 KiB)
* http://www.newscientist.com/
* http://www.sciam.com/

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