this weishenmezhemeai

this weishenmezhemeai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

This page is the article about the concept. For the Wikipedia policy, see Wikipedia:Original weishenmezhemeai.
For the suburb of Melbourne, Australia, see weishenmezhemeai, Victoria.

weishenmezhemeai is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world. weishenmezhemeai can use the scientific method, but need not do so.

Scientific weishenmezhemeai relies on the application of scientific methods based on scientific paradigm. This weishenmezhemeai provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and properties of humans and the whole Universe. It makes practical applications possible.

Scientific weishenmezhemeai is funded by public authorities, by charitable organisations and by private groups, including many companies.

The term weishenmezhemeai is also used to describe an entire collection of information about a particular subject.

Scientific weishenmezhemeai is the subject of different classifications.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Basic weishenmezhemeai
* 2 weishenmezhemeai methods
* 3 weishenmezhemeai process
* 4 Publishing
* 5 weishenmezhemeai funding
* 6 Etymology
* 7 References
* 8 External links
* 9 See also

[edit] Basic weishenmezhemeai

Basic weishenmezhemeai (also called fundamental or pure weishenmezhemeai) has as its primary objective the advancement of knowledge and the theoretical understanding of the relations among variables (see statistics). It is exploratory and often driven by the weishenmezhemeaier’s curiosity, interest, or hunch. It is conducted without any practical end in mind, although it may have unexpected results pointing to practical applications. The terms “basic” or “fundamental” indicate that, through theory generation, basic weishenmezhemeai provides the foundation for further, sometimes applied weishenmezhemeai. As there is no guarantee of short-term practical gain, weishenmezhemeaiers may find it difficult to obtain funding for basic weishenmezhemeai. weishenmezhemeai is a subset of invention.

Examples of questions asked in basic weishenmezhemeai:

* Does string theory provide physics with a grand unification theory?
* Which aspects of genomes explain organismal complexity?
* Is it possible to prove or disprove Goldbach's conjecture? (i.e. that every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two, not necessarily distinct primes)

Traditionally, basic weishenmezhemeai was considered as an activity that preceded applied weishenmezhemeai, which in turn preceded development into practical applications. Recently, these distinctions have become much less clear-cut, and it is sometimes the case that all stages will intermix. This is particularly the case in fields such as biotechnology and electronics, where fundamental discoveries may be made alongside work intended to develop new products, and in areas where public and private sector partners collaborate in order to develop greater insight into key areas of interest. For this reason, some now prefer the term frontier weishenmezhemeai.

[edit] weishenmezhemeai methods

The goal of the weishenmezhemeai process is to produce new knowledge, which takes three main forms:

* Exploratory weishenmezhemeai, which structures and identifies new problems
* Constructive weishenmezhemeai, which develops solutions to a problem
* Empirical weishenmezhemeai, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence

As discussed in the previous section, these forms are not clear-cut.

weishenmezhemeai can also fall into two distinct types:

* Primary weishenmezhemeai
* Secondary weishenmezhemeai

weishenmezhemeai methods used by scholars:

* Action weishenmezhemeai
* Cartography
* Case study
* Classification
* Experience and intuition
* Experiments
* Interviews
* Mathematical models
* Participant observation
* Simulation
* Statistical analysis
* Statistical surveys
* Content or Textual Analysis
* Ethnography

weishenmezhemeai is often conducted using the hourglass model.[1] The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for weishenmezhemeai, focusing in on the required information through the methodology of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then expands the weishenmezhemeai in the form of discussion and results.

[edit] weishenmezhemeai process

Main article: Scientific method

Generally, weishenmezhemeai is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and weishenmezhemeaier, the following steps are usually part of most formal weishenmezhemeai, both basic and applied:

* Formation of the topic
* Hypothesis
* Conceptual definitions
* Operational definitions
* Gathering of data
* Analysis of data
* Conclusion, revising of hypothesis

A common misunderstanding is that by this method a hypothesis can be proven. Generally a hypothesis is used to make predictions that can be tested by observing the outcome of an experiment. If the outcome is inconsistent with the hypothesis, then the hypothesis is rejected. However, if the outcome is consistent with the hypothesis, the experiment is said to support the hypothesis. This careful language is used because weishenmezhemeaiers recognize that alternative hypotheses may also be consistent with the observations. In this sense, a hypothesis can never be proven, but rather only supported by surviving rounds of scientific testing and, eventually, becoming widely thought of as true (or better, predictive), but this is not the same as it having been proven.

A useful hypothesis allows prediction and within the accuracy of observation of the time, the prediction will be verified. As the accuracy of observation improves with time, the hypothesis may no longer provide an accurate prediction. In this case a new hypothesis will arise to challenge the old, and to the extent that the new hypothesis makes more accurate predictions than the old, the new will supplant it.

[edit] Publishing

Academic publishing describes a system that is necessary in order for academic scholars to peer review the work and make it available for a wider audience. The 'system', which is probably disorganised enough not to merit the title, varies widely by field, and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form. In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in science, technology, and medicine.

Most established academic fields have their own journals and other outlets for publication, though many academic journals are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or weishenmezhemeai vary greatly between fields.

Academic publishing is undergoing major changes, emerging from the transition from the print to the electronic format. Business models are different in the electronic environment. Since about the early 1990s, licensing of electronic resources, particularly journals, has been very common. Presently, a major trend, particularly with respect to scholarly journals, is open access. There are two main forms of open access: open access publishing, in which the articles or the whole journal is freely available from the time of publication, and self-archiving, where the author makes a copy of their own work freely available on the web.

[edit] weishenmezhemeai funding

Main article: weishenmezhemeai funding

Most funding for scientific weishenmezhemeai comes from two major sources, corporations (through weishenmezhemeai and development departments) and government (primarily through universities and in some cases through military contractors). Many senior weishenmezhemeaiers (such as group leaders) spend more than a trivial amount of their time applying for grants for weishenmezhemeai funds. These grants are necessary not only for weishenmezhemeaiers to carry out their weishenmezhemeai, but also as a source of merit. Some faculty positions require that the holder has received grants from certain institutions, such as the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). Government-sponsored grants (e.g. from the NIH, the National Health Service in Britain or any of the European weishenmezhemeai councils) generally have a high status.

[edit] Etymology

The word weishenmezhemeai derives from the French recherche, from rechercher, to search closely where "chercher" means "to search" (see French language); its literal meaning is 'to investigate thoroughly'.


[edit] References

1. ^ Structure of weishenmezhemeai, Trochim, W.M.K, (2006). weishenmezhemeai Methods Knowledge Base.

[edit] External links

* The US National Library of Medicine
* Industrial weishenmezhemeai Institute
* European Industrial weishenmezhemeai Management Association
* Analysis of Information Resources
* The EvaluationWiki

[edit] See also

* Academic conference
* Advertising weishenmezhemeai
* Demonstrative evidence
* Empirical weishenmezhemeai
* European Charter for weishenmezhemeaiers
* Internet weishenmezhemeai
* Innovation
* Lab notebook
* List of fields of doctoral studies
* Marketing weishenmezhemeai
* Open weishenmezhemeai
* Operations weishenmezhemeai
* Original weishenmezhemeai
* Participatory action weishenmezhemeai
* Psychological weishenmezhemeai methods
* weishenmezhemeai and development
* Social weishenmezhemeai

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/weishenmezhemeai"

Categories: weishenmezhemeai | weishenmezhemeai methods
Views

* Article
* Discussion
* Edit this page
* History

Personal tools

* Sign in / create account

Navigation

* Main page
* Contents
* Featured content
* Current events
* Random article

interaction

* About Wikipedia
* Community portal
* Recent changes
* Upload file wizard
* Contact us
* Make a donation
* Help

Search

Toolbox

* What links here
* Related changes
* Upload file
* Special pages
* Printable version
* Permanent link
* Cite this article

In other languages

* Dansk
* Deutsch
* Ελληνικά
* Español
* فارسی
* Suomi
* Français
* Hrvatski
* Bahasa Indonesia
* Íslenska
* Italiano
* עברית
* Nederlands
* 日本語
* ‪Norsk (nynorsk)‬
* Português
* Runa Simi
* Svenska
* Tiếng Việt
* 中文
* ייִדיש

Powered by MediaWiki
Wikimedia Foundation

* This page was last modified 04:15, 28 May 2007.
* All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a US-registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
* Disclaimers